In 1829, a former federal judge, James Dune Doty, searched the isthmus sandwiched between Lake Mendota and Lake Monona and purchased more than 1,000 acres of marsh and forest to build a city there. After that, when the Wisconsin Territory was established in 1836, the Wisconsin Territory Council was held in Belmont, the first sub-capital, to discuss where the permanent sub-capital would be located. Then Doty persuaded the Quasi-State Council to name the city of the initiative Madison after the fourth American President, James Madison, who died on June 28, and to name the streets 39 signers of the Constitution of the United States of America, and to make it the Quasi-State Capital. On November 28, the Quasi-State Council established Madison, which was still in the stage of concept, as it was located between Milwaukee and Prairie de Scene, which were two major cities in the Quasi-State at that time, and Green Bay, the oldest city in the Quasi-State, was located in the northeast, and the Lead Mine Zone, which was developing remarkably in the southwest, was located in the area.

Looking over the city of Madison from the south coast of Lake Monona (1855)

In the following year, 1837, the construction of the Quasi-State Council Hall started, and in 1838, the first Quasi-State Council was held in Madison. Madison then became the official village with a population of 626 in 1846, became the capital of Wisconsin with the promotion of the sub-state in 1848, and the University of Wisconsin Madison was established. In 1854, the Milwaukee Railway ran to Madison. In 1856, Madison introduced the city system with a population of 6,863.

During the Civil War, Madison was the base of the Northern Army in Wisconsin. The corner of Milwaukee Street, East Washington Street, Winnevego Street, and North Street was called Union Corners, where the last resort had been built for the Union soldiers heading south. On the west side of the city, there was a camp called Camp Randall, named after the then Wisconsin governor Alexander Williams Randall, which was used as a prison for training, field hospitals and Southern Army prisoners. After the war, Camp Randall was incorporated into the campus of Wisconsin University, and Camp Randall Stadium was built on the site in 1917.

Madison had been expanding through the consolidation of surrounding towns since the time of the enactment of the municipal system. In the late 20th century, while other major cities in the Middle West were on the verge of decline and the population of the city decreased significantly, Madison's population continued to increase and, in the 2000 census, the population of the city exceeded 200,000 for the first time in history.

Madison and his neighborhood satellite photographs. From the upper left, the four lakes are Lake Mendota, Lake Monona, Lake Warbesa, and Lake Kegonza.

Madison is located at 43 degrees, 4 minutes, 29 seconds north latitude and 89 degrees, 23 minutes, 4 seconds west longitude. The city is located about 125km west of Milwaukee, about 200km northwest of Chicago, and about 380km southeast of Minneapolis St. Paul. Its altitude is 280m at the Wisconsin State Capitol.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Madison City has a total area of 219.3km² (84.7 mi²). 177.9km² (68.7mi²) is land and 41.5km² (16.0mi²) is water. The area accounts for 18.91% of the total area.

terrain

Madison is sometimes called The City of Four Lakes (the town of four lakes) because it is located in an area where four lakes, namely Lake Mendota, Lake Monona, Lake Warbesa, and Lake Kegonza, are located on the channel of the Yahara River. These four lakes were formed about 13,000 years ago by the retreat of glaciers at the end of the last glacial period and the erosion of the land. After passing through these four lakes, the Yahara River flows south to join the Rock River to the north of Janesville. The Rock River flows southwestward into Illinois, and flows into the Mississippi on Rock Island in the Davenport metropolitan area.

climate

The climate of Madison is a continental climate characterized by a cold winter and a cool summer, which is common in areas around the Great Lakes. The warmest July has a monthly average temperature of 22°C, the highest average of 28°C, and even during the day it sometimes exceeds 30°C. The average temperature in the coldest January is 8°C below freezing point, and it is not uncommon for days that do not reach 0°C even during the day to fall below 15°C below freezing point at night. The rainfall is high in the summer, from June to August, reaching around 100-110mm per month. Although it is generally dry in winter, from December to March, approximately 18-25cm of snow can be seen on a month. Annual rainfall is about 880mm and annual snowfall is about 100cm. In the climate division of Keppen, Madison belongs to the subtropical wet climate (Dfb).

urban overview

From the sky, I'd like to see Madison's downtown. In the depth is Lake Mendota and in front is Lake Monona. The central dome is the Wisconsin State Capitol.

Madison's downtown is formed on a isthmus between Lake Mendota and Lake Monona, extending northeast-southwest. The Wisconsin State Capitol, the symbol of the city, stands in the center of the isthmus. In 1990, the Wisconsin State Council passed an amendment to limit the height of buildings within a mile (1.6 km) around the Capitol in order to preserve the scenery of the Capitol. The Capitol was designated as a National Register of Historic Monuments in 1970 and as a National Historic Monument in 2001.

The downtown street, centered in the Wisconsin State Capitol, runs in neat rows in the northeast-southwest and northwest-southeast directions like a grid. The campus of Wisconsin University is located on the west side of downtown Lake Mendota. State Street, the main street of the city, extends from the Capitol to the campus of Wisconsin University just west, with restaurants, espresso coffee shops and stores lining up on both sides. Ordinary cars are closed on this street, and only pedestrians, bicycles, emergency cars and retail cars are allowed to pass. Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard, whose name is Rev. King, runs southeast of the State Capitol, and along the street is the Madison City Hall, and along the other side is the Convention Center called Monona Terrace.

Wisconsin State Capitol

Madison is a mayor. The city assembly consists of 20 members, and one member is selected from the 20-member constituency. The mayor is elected by a vote from all the cities.

Madison is a land with a strong free and progressive climate. In the old days, from the 1880s to the 1920s, the progressive Robert M. Laffolette senior used Madison as a base for political activities. The magazine "The Progressive" launched by LaForret is still published in Madison. From the 1960s to 1970s, Mifflin Street and Bassett Street in the city became the center of counter culture. Around this time, anti-war movements against the Vietnam War were actively staged in downtown Madison and on campus at the University of Wisconsin. A series of anti-war movements that happened around this time became the subject of the 1979 documentary film The War at Home. In 1992, Progressive Dene, a regional party of progressive politics, was formed. The party has sent its legislators to the Madison City Assembly and the Dean County Assembly. The Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) and the Green Party (SDP) have strong ties with the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) and some members of the Green Party (LDP) have double party names. When the Wisconsin State Constitution Amendment was adopted to ban same-sex marriage in 2006, only 33% voted for the entire state while only 33 voted for the Din County, which exceeded the vote. The Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) has consistently dominated the national elections, and Madison, who is a liberal and progressive candidate, is often teased by the conservatives like The People's Republic of Madison (Madison People's Republic), Left Coast of Wisconsin (Wisconsin's left coast), and 30 square miles surrounded by reality (30 square miles actually surrounded).

The Wisconsin State Government and the University of Wisconsin are the two major employers of the state capital and university town Madison. However, since the 1990s, high-tech industries, especially biotechnology, which took advantage of Madison's high educational standards have developed in the southern and western parts of the city, near the junction of the inter-state expressway I-39·I-90·I-94, and on the north shore of Lake Mendota, and the regional economic structure has shifted from government to high-tech. In addition, the software industry and the financial and insurance industries have also developed. As a result, Madison's regional economy has continued to grow steadily without much impact from the recession.

Columbus station in Amtrak

The airport, which serves as the gateway to Madison, is located about 9km northeast of downtown IATA: MSN). The airport is fully occupied by three major airlines, Delta Air, American Airlines and United. About 100 commercial flights, including flights to Chicago O'Hare and Minneapolis St. Paul and other airlines' hub airports, are arriving and departing from the airport, accounting for about 1.6 million passengers a day. The airport is also used for military purposes and is the base of the Wisconsin Army National Guard and the Wisconsin Air Force National Guard.

Madison has three interstate highways: I-39, I-90 and I-94. I-39 runs north-south through the center of Wisconsin, leading south to Janesville and Rockford, Illinois, and north to Warsaw. Both I-90 and I-94 go east to Chicago, while I-90 goes through Lockford and I-94 goes through Milwaukee. In the west, I-90 goes to Lacrosse, and I-94 goes to Oakrea and Minneapolis St. Paul. National Route 12, a highway standard, runs to the south and west of the city, and serves as an annular road for Madison.

The nearest Amtrack station is on Columbus, about 45km in the northeast, where the Empire Builder, which connects Chicago and Seattle Portland, goes west and stops once a day for east. In the future, the Hiawasa-go, which connects Chicago and Milwaukee, will be extended to Madison to speed up as a strategic step for the high speed railway project, which is underway to connect Chicago and Minneapolis St. Paul, and a new station for Amtrack will be set up in Madison City.

The Madison Metro Transit runs route 64 buses that cover the Madison City, the University of Wisconsin Campus, and the suburban cities and towns adjacent to Madison.

University of Wisconsin Madison

The University of Wisconsin, Madison, has a 933-acre campus (about 3,775,000m²) on the Lake Mendota west of downtown. Established in 1848, this state university is the largest university among the universities belonging to the system, with about 42,000 students from all faculties and graduate schools on the campus of the Wisconsin University System, which has 13 four-year, 13 junior colleges and correspondence courses in the state. The school is always ranked in the top 50 of the U.S. University of General Universities in the ranking of US News & World Report universities, and is ranked among the top 50 state universities, Public Ivy, a list of best national universities, along with California University of Berkeley, Virginia University, and Michigan University. The school has received a particularly high reputation in the fields of engineering, medicine, law, management, education and administration.

The K-12 course in Madison is supported by public schools under the jurisdiction of the Madison Urban School District. The school district has 32 elementary schools (from kindergarten to fifth grade), 11 middle schools (from sixth to eighth grade), and four high schools (from ninth to twelfth grade), and it has about 24,000 children and students. The school district has a high education level and one of the university entrance exam standardized tests, the ACT (formerly American College Testing), has an average of 13% of students in the district and 7% higher than the state average. Madison also has several church and other private schools in addition to these public schools.

Museums and museums

Inside the Chazen Museum

The Chazen Museum of Art at the University of Wisconsin exhibits a wide range of works of art, including paintings, sculptures, photographs and crafts, mainly those of Europe and the United States of America, for the purpose of educating, studying and returning to the community. The museum also has a collection of Japanese ukiyoe and Chinese landscape paintings. The Wisconsin History Museum, located across the Wisconsin State Capitol, is run by the Wisconsin History Association, which exhibits various things about the state's history. In the vicinity of the Wisconsin State Capitol, there is the Wisconsin Museum of History, the Wisconsin Museum of War, the Children's Museum of Wisconsin Museum of War, and the Madison Museum of Contemporary Art, which specializes in the exhibition of works of art from the Civil War to the present day in the 20th century.

acting art

Overture Arts Center

The Overture Art Center, located along State Street, has concert halls, theaters and galleries, and is a comprehensive art center with the Madison Museum of Modern Art as mentioned above. The 2,255-seat concert hall, Overture Hall, is based on the Madison Symphony Orchestra, Madison Opera and Madison Ballet. The 1,089-seat Capitol Theater, which was built in 1928 as a movie theater called the Oscar Meyer Theater, was restored and incorporated into the Overture Art Center, and is headquartered by the Wisconsin Chamber Orchestra and the CTM Madison Family Theater. The Madison Repertory Theater is performing in a small theater of 347 seats called Playhouse.

At Madison's home is Drumco, Madison Scouts Drum and Bugle Coe. Established in 1938, Drumko belongs to the World Class, a top-class Drumko International, and performs in various places around the United States and also takes part in world conventions. At the World Championships, Scouts won twice in 1975 and 1988.

Events

Halloween party on State Street

At State Street, Madison's main street, a large street party is held every year in Halloween. The party, which has been held since 1979, was originally hosted by students from Wisconsin University, but in the 2000s, with the rapid increase of participants, the number of arrests for hundreds of people each year became so noisy that it was moved to the city government in 2006 that it was held in cooperation with the city government and students. A live band is also played at the party. The famous band that performed at the party included the third eye blind that performed in 2009.

During the morning of Saturday every year and Wednesday in the summer, Dain County, the largest agricultural market in the United States, will be held. The agricultural market will be held indoors on summer Saturday near the Wisconsin State Capitol, Wednesday at Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard and in winter at Monona Terrace and the Madison Senior Center. All vegetables and flowers sold in this agricultural market are produced in Wisconsin.

On the second Saturday of July, a artistic fair called Art Fair on the Square, hosted by the Madison Museum, will be held around the State Capitol. Along with the fair, Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard, sponsored by the Union of Wisconsin Artists and Creators, also opened a fair dedicated to the works of artists in Wisconsin, Art Fair Off the Square. On the day these markets are held, the above-mentioned Dene County Agricultural Products Market is moved near Monona Terrace and held at normal times.

On the Independence Day, fireworks festivals are held throughout the United States, but Madison's fireworks display is called the Rhythm and Boom. The fireworks display, held at Warner Park on the northeastern shore of Lake Mendota in the city, attracts around 300,000 visitors every year. Before the tournament, F-16 fighters from the Wisconsin Army State Army National Army (IDF) will fly from the nearby Dain County Airport to perform an air show over the city.

And the state of Wisconsin is a beer point. On the second Saturday of August, beer brewers from all over the Midwest gather in Orin Turville Park on the west bank of Lake Monona to hold the Great Taste of the Midwest beer festival.

sport

Left: Camp Randall Stadium Right: call center

Madison doesn't have a major professional team, but it's one of the best centers in the United States for college sports. The Badgers, a sports team at Wisconsin University, belongs to NCAA's Division I and belongs to the Big Ten Conference, which consists of 11 major universities in the Midwest, in most events.

Although the football team has no national championship experience, it has achieved stable results since the mid-1990s, and it has played in the Bowl game almost every year, including the consecutive Rose Bowl title in 1998 and 1999. After the Badgers games, regardless of home/road or victory, the school's marching band performs a performance called Fifth Quarter (fifth quarter). The Badgers have established a rival relationship with the Golden Gofers of the University of Minnesota, which has been continuing since 1890. The Camp Randall Stadium, home to the football team, was built in 1917 on the site of a camp during the Civil War, and was remodeled in 2005 to accommodate 80,321 people, making it the fourth largest stadium in the United States and boasts among the best accommodations in the country.

In addition to football, men's basketball and men's ice hockey teams also have outstanding performances. In 1941, the men's basketball team at the Badgers League had a big comeback from the last year's five wins and 15 losses, and won the U.S. national title with 20 wins and three losses. In 2006, the Badgers' ice hockey team won the U.S. men's and women's simultaneously for the first time in the history of NCAA Division I. Both men and women's basketball and ice hockey teams are based in the Call Center, a multipurpose arena completed in January 1998. The Call Center is used as a concert hall as well as basketball and ice hockey matches for the Badgers.

urban population

The population of each county that forms the metropolitan area of Madison and the metropolitan area of Madison is as follows (2010 census).

Madison metropolitan area

Madison-Janesville-Beloit metropolitan area

urban population transition

Below is a graph and table showing the population transition from 1850 to 2010 in Madison City.

Madison has established a sister-city relationship with the following ten cities.

• Ainaro (East Timor)
• Arcatao (El Salvador)
• Vilnius (Lithuania)
• Obihiro City (Hokkaido, Japan)
• Camagei (Cuba)
• Cuzco, Peru
• Baku Zan (Vietnam)
• Freiburg, Germany
• Managua (Nicaragua)
• Mantova, Italy

• Bates, Tom. Rads: The 1970 Bombing of the Army Math Research Center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and Its Aftermath. 1993 ISBN 0-06-092428-4.
• Maraniss, David. They Marched Into Sunlight: War and Peace Vietnam and America October 1967. 2003 ISBN 0-7432-1780-2, ISBN 0-7432-6104-6.
• Mollenhoff, David V. Madison : A History of the Formative Years. 1982 (revised in 2003) ISBN 0-8403-2728-5, ISBN 0-299-19980-0.

• Madison Japan's Official Website - Madison Japan's Association
• City of Madison - Official City Site
• Lake Mendota and the other Yahara River lakes
• The State of Wisconsin Collection - The Digital Collections Center of the University of Wisconsin Library
  • The Story of Madison
  • Madison: a Model City
  • Madison, Dane County and Surrounding Towns; Being a History and Guide to Places of Scenic Beauty and Historical Note... (1877)
  • A History of Madison, the Capital of Wisconsin; Including the Four Lake Country (1874)
  • Historical County Plat Maps from South Central Wisconsin and Early Madison City Directories
• Madison, Wisconsin - City-Data.com
• Madison, WI - Yahoo!Map Map